***Two Thousand and Eleventeen. It's got to be good***

A very Happy New Year to all our readers, we hope you enjoy the reports of our travels or even our technical articles.


And for those who can't read, you could always look at the pictures of our travels here or here or here.


Enjoy, or not. Let us know what you think.

2010 in Review, Month by Month, Minute by Minute

The End of the Noughties and the Start of the Teenies.

2010 was a much better year than 2009 even though I did go through the agony of attaining APA (aged pension age). And unlike 2009, we had none of the health and technical problems which kept us frustratingly at home for the whole year, waiting for the various wounds to our bodies and credit cards to heal.

And maybe two thousand and eleventeen will be even better.

Read on for all last years details...

In the Wheel Ruts of Len Beadell

Rut: a long deep track made by the repeated passage of the wheels of vehicles. 

I was going to call this article "In the Wheel Tracks of Len Beadell", but 2 things stopped me. Firstly, the name has already been used for a similar travel article (see references), and secondly, "ruts" more accurately describes the current conditions of his tracks. Alternatively, the words furrow, groove, corrugation, trough, ditch, hollow, pothole, wash-away or crater would not be inappropriate.

This is not Len Beadell's fault of course, his job finished in the 1960's and almost no maintenance has been undertaken since then. What's actually surprising is that most of his 50 year old bush tracks are still navigable at all. But more importantly, Len Beadell's tracks provide a great outback driving experience, with some challenges and excitement thrown in, and along the way you can't help but get caught up in the history and scenic splendour of this part of Australia.

A typical sample of a Len Beadell track.

The Sandy Blight Junction Road heading north towards Mt Leisler

Click on Read More below on for some history surrounding Len Beadell and our account of travels on some of his tracks.

Anne Beadell Highway

Firstly the Anne Beadell is NOT a highway. It's a sandy, corrugated, single lane desert track and quite overgrown for long stretches. And although fairly straight and mostly flat (with a few wash-aways),it is a very long track (nearly 1500 kms from Coober Pedy to Laverton, including essential side trips) and crosses the Great Victoria Desert.

There are almost no water sources along the track and only one fuel supply point, at Ilkurlka, 170 kms west of the WA/SA state border, 700 kms west of Coober Pedy. The track is very corrugated and can take at least 7-10 days, plus an allowance for breakdowns and other stoppages.

We did it in about 11 days in the company of 2 other vehicles, which was very handy for the inevitable problems and breakdowns.

The Anne Beadell Highway completely traverses the Great Victoria Desert in South and Western Australia.

Several permits are required for the track since it crosses 2 National Parks, the Woomera Prohibited Area and aboriginal land in both states.

Rough map of the Anne Beadell Highway (from http://www.communitywebs.org/fgvd/about-the-gvd.php)

The track is also very narrow and corrugated for most of its length so breakdowns are common and should be anticipated. There are a few winding sand dune areas to add interest but it's no place for trailers and certainly shouldn't be tackled alone. Fortunately (actually through good planning) we were in the company of 2 other vehicles which proved invaluable when the inevitable breakdowns occurred, which we all suffered to some degree.

It started off quite wide and smooth...

...but got progressively narrower and rougher

Due to the nature of the track, going will be slow and the whole trip to Laverton will take from 7 to 10 days, more if breakdowns happen, so supplies and provisions should be taken accordingly.

I did say it's a bit corrugated...

We actually took about 11 days and met quite a number of vehicles coming the other way. Some were driving way too fast, to do it in 3 or 4 days, and you can't enjoy it much like that, quite apart from the increased risk of breakdown.

The SA section of the track is certainly the worst as far as corrugations go. The WA section is better but still not very good, but has been graded for short distances around Ilkurlka Roadhouse. The Yeo to Laverton section is excellent.

Water is available at 3 rest areas on the WA side of the border (assuming rain has replenished the tanks), but there is NO reliable water available on the SA section.

However, there are quite a few points of interest, plus some impressive desert scenery. More importantly, it's a remote travel adventure that few people have ever heard of let alone ever go on. It's not hot during normal winter travel periods so lack of water is not the severe problem it might be on more northerly tracks. In fact it was so cold we could have a campfire every evening and enjoy a comfortable walk up the sand dunes during the day, and there weren't many insects about either.

Mabel Creek

The track starts at Coober Pedy and this is where all our fuel and water tanks were filled to the brim. The first 50 km was fine as it follows Mabel Creek Station tracks, then it started to get progressively narrower, rougher and more corrugated.

Tallaringa Well

The first point of interest is Tallaringa Well, an important aboriginal water source that had first been discovered by European explorer Richard Maurice in May 1902 (see this report), but had then been lost for years until Len Beadell rediscovered it in 1951, during his survey of the eventual Anne Beadell Highway from Mabel Creek Station to Emu. See this SA Memory site.

Len Beadell's plaque at Tallarniga Well

Tallaringa Well does not look good as a water source

Although the Len Beadell plaque here is dated 1951, the track was actually built in stages from 1953 until its completion in 1962. The reason is that this area was surveyed for atomic test sites in 1951 and centre line pegs from Woomera were marked out before the Anne Beadell was built. Len Beadell rediscovered Tallaringa Well in June 1951 whilst surveying for the nearby 250 Mile peg.

The well was not in good condition and it may or may not have accessible water in it. Even if it does, I don't think I'd drink it unless desperate, and anyway it's only 200 km to/from Coober Pedy. There is much more remote country to follow and reliance should not be placed on natural water sources.

Dingo Claypan

This small claypan is on a side track about 50 km north of the Anne Beadell and was the initial aerodrome prepared by Len Beadell to allow supplies to be flown in for the atomic test sites.

Wet looking, but glassy hard surface on Dingo Claypan

It has a wet looking, but glassy hard surface and the 44 gallon drums marking the landing strip can still be seen in the lake surface. There are also plenty of other drums laying around the area, some still containing fuel.

Fuel drums at Dingo Claypan, some still had fuel in them

The 300 M peg (down range on the centre line from the Woomera launch site) is accessible from Dingo after driving around the claypan and then a further 9 km into the scrub on a marked track.

The 300 Mile Peg plaque

The 300 Mile peg near Dingo Claypan

While we were at Dingo Claypan, we had to remove the front bullbar to replace a broken bolt. This is not an easy task on any vehicle and especially an Oka, but luckily we had fellow travellers with us to help with the heavy lifting.

Repairing a broken bolt on the bull bar

We also had to fix a slow puncture and recover fuel from a leaking spare tank. Just the usual problems we expect to face on a rough outback track. Other breakages included aerials, the overhead fan which broke it mountings and pop rivets which popped from the aluminium brackets holding the solar panels. Oh, and the front drive shaft broke. More on that later.

Atomic Test Sites

About 6 km past the Dingo Claypan turn off is a track to the sites of the actual atomic tests.

Two bombs were detonated at Emu Field on the 15 and 27 October 1953, and 7 more subsequently at Maralinga about 200 km south.

Len Beadell built the roads and tracks to support this project, some of which are still accessible, although Maralinga access is still very restricted, and for good reason. See the findings of the Royal Commission.

As close as we ever want to be to an atomic explosion

You can visit the sites of the Emu Field bomb tests and it's quite an eerie experience standing on the very point where an atomic bomb was exploded. Not many people do that and survive!

Here's a video of the Totem 1 test explosion:

Lumps of molten sand from the blast

It's a weird feeling being at ground zero and seeing lumps of molten glass all around you. See our blog here for a more detailed review of the British Atomic Test Program in Australia.

The first 2 bombs, code-named Totem 1 and Totem 11 were 9.1 and 7.1 kilotons respectively, not big by super-power standards, but they made quite a mess of the ground. Of the 100ft towers they were mounted on, only a few buckled frames remain on the ground, and the surrounding desert is covered in glassy lumps of molten sand where it was heated to incredible temperatures by the explosion.

All that remains of a 100 ft tower

Concrete obelisks now mark the Ground Zero points and a level of radiation still remains, but it is no longer classed as dangerous for casual visitors and there are no restriction on visits. Radiation is now at a low enough level to allow short duration visits, but not permanent habitation in the area. Prudence suggests that visits be as short as possible, and no earth or other souvenirs, like glassy lumps of molten sand for the mantelpiece, should be taken away. They might glow in the dark, or worse.

Emu Claypan and Airstrip

Emu airstrip is just as good now as when it was built

The airstrip on Emu claypan is a larger all weather airstrip prepared by Len Beadell for subsequent tests and is still in good condition today. Originally there was a residential village established nearby and the whole area was known as Emu Field, but little of it now remains. Odd pieces of old electronic equipment are scattered around the northern end of the airstrip.

Emu Airstrip

Ironically, Emu Field was subsequently determined as being too remote for follow up tests. Now you would think that remoteness would be a prime requirement for atomic tests, but apparently not. A location more convenient to the Trans-Australia railway was sought so Len Beadell was tasked to find a suitable site and Maralinga was the result.

Anne's Corner

Anne's Corner is at the junction of the Mt Davies Road built by Len Beadell in 1956 to provide direct access between Emu Field and Giles Meteorological Office about 600 km to the northwest.

Len Beadell's plaque at Anne's Corner

One of Len Beadell's original plaques is located at here, bolted to star droppers in a 44 gallon drum, it's dated 1956, and located 200 M (300 km) west of Coober Pedy, 400 M (600 km) east of Neale Junction and 260 M (400 km) from Mt Davies.

The Mt Davies track is not widely used and permits can be difficult to obtain as it crosses several aboriginal lands. A sign written on the oil drum points up the Mt Davies Road and reads "Good Track. Need plenty of tyres etc. Very overgrown track. Car needs paint job".

A Trig Point on a nearby sand dune

As we progress slowly westwards, the corrugations get progressively worse but the scenery gets better. Superb rings of spinifex cover the red sand dunes and camels wander on and off the track, mostly on, and why wouldn't they? It's direct, smooth (compared with spinifex) and they can see where they're going.

Spinifex rings along the track

Camel. Dead ahead

A Loud Clonking

At almost the geographic centre of the track, at 2.44 in the afternoon, there was a sudden and very loud clonking from the front drive shaft area of our Oka, so we stopped (obviously) to check it out.

Looking for the source of the loud conking

An initial inspection didn't reveal anything wrong with the axle or diff or axle shafts, but then I found that the rear of the drive shaft had come loose and had been flailing around hitting the transfer box gear linkages as it went. The "U" bolts holding the universal joint on to the transfer box had worked loose allowing the end caps and needle bearings to fall out, which in turn allowed the shaft to disengage from the transfer box.

The pivot bar for the transfer box controls was badly bent by the loose drive shaft

Removing the drive shaft

I took the shaft off and was going to replace the whole UJ unit, but Craig suggested replacing just the end caps from a spare UJ which would be a lot quicker than replacing the whole thing.

Fixing the broken drive shaft

This we did, and with new bolts holding the UJ clamps in place, everything was greased up and we were back on the road within an hour. But it could have been much worse, the main gearbox and engine sump were right next to the flailing shaft.

We also had to do a temporary fix on the damaged gear linkage to get that operational again since it was bent and touching the exhaust pipe. We used extra large plastic tie-wraps (12mm wide) to hold the transfer linkage in a useable position but this worked fine and survived a further 12,000 km without problems.

While the blokes were working on the problem, the girls were taking photos of our bums protruding out from under the vehicle. Perhaps it was to ensure that we had a photographic record of the event?

Post trip note: The main damage was to the pivot lever on the side of the gearbox which directs the transfer lever action to the transfer box via a ball joint. It is a 6mm thick steel lever which was bent severely by the impact of the flailing drive shaft, causing the ball joint to be twisted and the transfer rod to foul the exhaust pipe. It took a lot of effort to bend that straight enough to operate normally again.

Vokes Hill Corner.

Vokes Hill Corner is at the junction of the road from Cook on the Trans-Australia railway built by Len Beadell in 1961.

An epistle reading from the visitors book at Vokes Corner

Another original plaque is located here (19 nails holding it to the post), dated "from star observations on 2 April 1962". It shows we were 100 M (160 km) west of Emu and 180 M (280 km) north of Cook and only 555 M (900 km) to go to Laverton. It's the only plaque we've seen with a personal message from Len Beadell to "please leave this sign for travel(l)ers". He decided too late that 2 "L"'s were required and added a second.

"Please leave this sign for other travellers"...

There is a feint track to the actual Vokes Hill, 14 km NW of the junction. It even has a Give Way sign on it. However, the height of Vokes Hill is only 347 m, which is lower than some of the surrounding sand dunes. There must be some other history attached to it.

The brilliantly named Unnamed Conservation Park

Vokes Hill is within the brilliantly named Unnamed Conservation Park, (which now, after 29 years has a real name, it was renamed the Mamungari Conservation Park in 2006) and extends over 21,000 sq km of pristine arid zone wilderness. The Anne Beadell is the only road access in or out of the park and the name boards had yet to be replaced in 2008.

Interpretive Markers.

As we moved westwards from Vokes Corner, we kept seeing green posts with numbers on them. I've since discovered that they are interpretative markers put in place by the Friends of the Great Victoria Desert (FGVD), who are "a volunteer group which assists the rangers in caring for the parks and reserves in the South Australian section of the GVD".

The posts apparently indicate the presence of particular species of plants in the area. I wish we had known that before we left, it would have solved a question and added to our enjoyment and understanding of the track.

More information can be obtained from the FGVD web site at Friends of the Great Victoria Desert.

2 Oka's and a UniMog

We met a big UniMog coming the other way and stopped for photos.

Serpentine Lakes.

The Serpentine Lakes straddle the SA/WA border and are normally a series of dry salt lakes. Officially they are a "significant palaeodrainage system, comprising ephemeral saline playa lakes". Well they were certainly ephemeral when we passed through in 2008 but they do sometimes flood, see Serpentine Lakes with water (see beadelltours com.au).

"A significant palaeodrainage system, comprising ephemeral saline playa lakes"

A steep jump-down to the lake bed

There was a very steep jump up (or down) on to the lake bed on the SA side but the track across the lake was smooth and dry.

SA/WA Border.

Hand marked distance to Laverton

The state border is just on the west side of the Serpentine Lake crossing and is marked by another original Len Beadell plaque. What's interesting on this one is that the distance to Laverton (455 M) is engraved (scratched) on the plaque rather than stamped on. It suggests that it was not Len Beadell who did this since if he measured the distance in his LandRover he is sure to have taken his letter punches with him. The distance to Vokes Hill (110 M) is stamped on as normal.

Ilkurlka Roadhouse.

The aboriginal owned Ilkurlka Roadhouse appears as if by magic after a week's travelling. You get the feeling that you will never see civilisation, or even a smooth road again, when suddenly there it is, a campground with a small modern shop, showers and fuel supplies.

The manager also owns a grader and the 20 or 30 km either side of the roadhouse are reasonably smooth compared with the previous 1000 km.

The manager told us we were lucky to catch him there as he was leaving the next morning to meet someone in Perth, a trip he expected to do in a day! Well it was only 1400 km.

While we were camped at Neale Junction the next night, I was out doing my late night ablutions when there were loud rumblings and crashings and flashing of distant lights from down the track and a few minutes later the manager roared by in his ute. You would think that in the middle of a desert, late at night, you could get on with your business without being caught by the glare of car headlights. But as he rushed past with horn blaring, he gave the very real impression that he really was going to make Perth in a day.

Aircraft Wreck

This aircraft crashed in 1993

Directions to the aircraft wreck

In 1993, a Goldfields Air Services twin engine Cessna crash landed in the desert about 50 km west of Ilkurlka and 6 km north of the track. The crew survived the crash and were rescued. In 1995 a track was formed over the sand dunes to the crash site and most of the plane still remains, except, of course for any valuable parts which have been souvenired. It's a worthwhile diversion but the track is fairly difficult as it crosses about 20 very soft sand dunes in its 10 km.

Man Made Rock Formations

Strange rock formations...

About 25 km before Neale Junction, we came across an abandoned airstrip and nearby were strange manmade, possibly aboriginal, rock arrangements spread out over several hundred metres.

... stretch for several hundred metres...

These could not have been constructed in an afternoon but had obviously been planned and implemented over a long period of time.

... alongside the track

The formations are of small rocks placed in circles, lines, zigzags and curves but without any obvious overall design or purpose.

They remain a mystery. Interesting but still a mystery.

Rest Stops and Water.

On the WA side of the border, there are 3 rest facilities with toilets and rain water tanks. These, apart from the Ilkurlka roadhouse and possibly Yeo Homestead, are the only sources of drinkable water on the Anne Beadell, and even then availability depends on rain. We were lucky that there was some at the one nearest the border and we could replenish our drinking water tank, but it's sensible not to rely on them, or waste the water, and we carried sufficient for the whole journey, even though that meant no showers for a week.

There was no water on the SA section of the track, Tallaringa Well was not useable.

Neale Junction.

Neale Junction is an important intersection with the Connie Sue Highway which stretches from Rawlinna on the Trans-Australia railway in the south to Warburton community on the Great Central Road to the north. That's the track we plan to tackle next.

Len Beadell's plaque at Neales Junction

There is another Len Beadell plaque and visitors book here. On this plaque all the GRCP members are named, including their dogs Bonnie and Lassie.

We are now 600 M (1000 km) from Coober Pedy with 240 M (400 km) still to go to reach Laverton, but even so we began to feel like we were approaching the end of the track.

I got in the car to move it from the junction to a camping area and turned on the ignition (which is a bit of a misnomer in a diesel) but instead of a hearty roar there was just a faint click from the starter motor.

Stuck at Neale Junction with a battery problem

Now the starter motor is one of the few single-points-of-failure we have in our vehicle, most other problems can be got around but we don't carry a spare starter motor, and this is a particularly bad place to have a failure when it's a single point of one.

However the planets must have been in alignment that day since it turned out to be just a loose connection on the battery terminal, tight enough to provide normal power but totally insufficient to start the engine. A twist on the connector was all it took to fix the problem.

Later I checked and tightened the terminals on all 3 batteries.

Bishop Riley's Pulpit.

The track started to get wider and less corrugated as we left Neale Junction and even the weather was warming up. We'd had freezing nights for the past week or so.

Bishop Riley's Pulpit

We stopped to investigate Bishop Riley's Pulpit, a rock formation just off the track in the Yeo Lakes Conservation Park and met a large convoy of 4wd's all busily fitting tarps over their radiators. One of them even took a photo of us arriving and posted it on the web.

Photo of us arriving at Bishop Riley's Pulpit

It seems the group was heading off overland (hence the spinifex guards on the radiators), following the route of explorer Frank Hann's 1903 expedition from Laverton to the Warburton area. And cutting off the corner between the Anne Beadell and Connie Sue Highways whilst doing so.

While all this sounds like good fun, I'm not sure I agree with the concept of large numbers of vehicles bush bashing across a pristine desert, even if it is in the name of scientific discovery. Hopefully this group was following established, if unmarked, tracks.

Yeo Homestead

Yeo homestead is a restored 19th century wooden house comprising 2 rooms and "outside" facilities. It used to be the homestead for Yeo Station before CALM created the Yeo Lake Nature Reserve.

Yeo Homestead, a good place to stay for the night

It's a good place to stay for the night, it provides shelter but it's a bit dusty inside.

The outside shower at Yeo Homestead

The old style dunny, shower and well down the "garden" are worth investigating.

On the maps there are various tracks leading to the lake but after 11 days on the Anne Beadell, we're rather keen to get to Laverton and a real shop. We've marked this down for more exploration on our next trip. In fact the whole of this area looks worth spending more time in.

Trip Summary.

When we eventually reached Laverton, after about 11 days constant travelling due west, we headed down to Kalgoorlie and met up with an old friend at the Oka company there.

The chart below shows our speed along the Anne Beadell Highway. Around 25 kph for most of the first 900 kms after leaving Mabel Creek, but definitely slightly faster in the WA section, up to 50 kph plus in sections. Wow!

Our speed profile on the Anne Beadell Highway

The dip in speed at 950 kms was when we visited the site of the crashed aircraft about 10 kms off the track. There were a lot of sanddunes to cross in that 10 kms.

Western end of the Anne Beadell Highway at Laverton

Overall our impressions of the Anne Beadell were that it is very long, fairly flat and not overly difficult, if you and your vehicle can stand the corrugations. There are plenty of things to see and some areas really need more time to explore properly. Although 11 days seemed like a long time to be on one track, it was no where near long enough to take it all in. When we do the Connie Sue maybe we'll use that opportunity to explore the Plumridge Lakes and Yeo Lakes areas better.

Recovery and Maintenance Gear

We carry a reasonable amount of Recovery and Maintenance Gear in/on our Oka, nearly all of which we have used at some stage, often to assist other travellers. However it is too easy to go overboard on recovery gear, most of which you hope you'll never need. Some weight/space compromises will inevitably need to be made, ie non-critical domestic items used everyday, vs rarely used but essential recovery gear and tools.

See this useful article on recovery gear from 4WD Overlander and this Survival Guide which includes vehicle recovery advice.

We also have a separate article on our Safety and Emergency Equipment.

Recovery Equipment we carry.

        •        These are the items we wouldn't leave home without and, apart from the fire extinguisher, we have used all of them at some time:

1) Jacks

        •        60 inch Hi-Lift Jack

        ◦        Plus a thick 300x300 mm plywood base plate. (You could buy a proper Hi Lift base plate for around $44, but a very thick piece of plywood is more useful and economic. To stop it sliding, drive in a few Tek Screws to match the holes in the foot, or screw some strips on the top and bottom).

        ◦        We have also fitted extra high lift jacking points (cut outs) to the outside of our bullbars.

        ◦        A Hi-Lift jack can also be used as a winch for short distances.

        ◦        An overhaul/repair kit for the Hi-Lift jack is worthwhile, in case you break something (like the shear pin). Note, in the event of wear on the heavily used section of the centre climbing bar, it can be reversed while renovating the jack.

Hi Lift Jack bolted across the front bull-bar for quick access. It has a centre support as well to reduce whipping on corrugations.

        •        3 tonne Double Acting Screw Jack

        ◦        Plus 4 inch hard wood timber block, to ensure adequate lift height can be achieved. Most hydraulic jacks (except double acting versions) have only a limited lift height.

        ◦        Many jacks only have a small round flat tip (saddle) which can be very dangerous under a curved, dirty surface. Ensure your jack has a broad cupped tip or saddle so that it can't slip off round axle cases. You could easily weld something up.

        ◦        If you can't get the jack under the vehicle, dig out hole for its base.

This can be a risky arrangement but the wheels are well chocked. The owners had no other options in this case and fixed their wheel problem safely. The tyre came off the wheel and went bush.

        •        Note: always use 2 means of support or jam a spare wheel (or similar robust object) under the vehicle (such as the diff) for protection before jacking or getting underneath. Hydraulic jacks can slowly lower themselves without notice.

2) Axle Stands,

        •        2 x 3 tonne stands for safety while undertaking suspension and axle repair and maintenance work,

        •        The Screw Jack and Axle Stands are mounted in a frame under the rear right hand bullbar. Accessibility is not that good but they are maintenance rather than critical recovery items.

3) Hub/Jack Adaptor

        •        This allows a wheel to be lifted directly using the Hi-Lift jack without the need to get under the vehicle. A wheel lift strap (eg a Hi-Lift Lift-Mate might) also be useful if you have spoked wheels.

 Hub Adaptor for raising wheels directly using a high lift jack. You'll probably need to dig out a flat area for the base plate.

        •        These can be used for lifting a buried or submerged wheel, or if hung up on rocks. After it's lifted, branches, sand mats or other supporting material can be packed beneath the wheel, or a jack/axle stand inserted under the axle to enable the wheel to be removed.

        •        Use with care on the front hubs since they are a smaller diameter and have thinner walls than the rear hubs. Make sure they fit snugly, with a ring adaptor, you don't want a broken hub as well. At a pinch, a strap could be used around the hub instead, but would not be as secure. Maybe a tree trunk protector would work.

4) Winch Extension Strap,

        •        Plus heavy duty Bow Shackles (4.75 Tonne SWL) and Equalising Strap,

        •        For use as a tow rope and for removing obstructions from tracks (even though we don't have a winch, straps are much lighter than chains).

        •        Also useful for strapping an axle to the chassis after suspension failures, we know.

        •        Tow points are fitted to the front and rear bullbars.

        •        Equalising strap allows both tow points to share the load.

5) Snatch Strap

        •        For recovering bogged vehicles, also useful for extending the winch strap although they do stretch of course.

        •        When joining 2 straps or ropes, always insert something solid (eg branch or hammer handle or rolled up magazine) between the loops so they can be undone more easily. Rope can cut through itself in a tight knot.

        •        Never allow anyone near a strap, rope or chain under tension in case something gives way, and put a towel or blanket over the strap so it can be seen.

        •        When pulling obstructions off tracks or towing other people out of boggings, we usually do it in reverse so we can watch what’s happening and/or signal to them (hand-held CB radios are useful here too). People have a habit of leaving their hand brakes on while you are trying to tow them out, but why, when they are bogged anyway?

6) Spades, long and short handled.

        •        Removing the build up of sand in front of wheels is sometimes all that's necessary to free a bogged vehicle. But when it's not...

Small plastic sand mats after a successful extraction in a sticky situation. They were bought for a smaller, earlier 4WD and really need to be larger for the Oka, but they still worked fine.

7) Sand Mats x 2.

        •        These can be any 300 mm x 1 m sheets of 12mm timber, tough plastic (shop bought) or expanded metal, preferably with a rough surface.

        •        Good locally made ones (around $250-300/pair) are available here and here and cheaper ones are also available here. But I think you could make some economically out of expanded metal sheeting (as used for security doors).

        •        I've also seen milk crates cut up and linked together to do the same thing. See here for some more ideas.

8) Air Compressor, air lines and gauge.

        •        We raise and lower our tyre pressures quite regularly on outback treks.

        •        Take a spare valve connection as they can fail.

        •        We can then also connect 2 tyres together to share air pressure if the compressor won't compress. Keep the pressure in a spare tyre higher than normal (60 to 80 psi) for this purpose.

9) Tyre Repair Kit (ARB)

        •        Plus 2 spare wheels which can be used as chocks, anchors or support blocks,

10) Jumper Leads,

        •        Not just for flat batteries but for bypassing a faulty solenoid, connector or battery strap, and to connect batteries in series to form a welder,

11) Warning Flag or Cone (or Strobe/Flare Flash Light after dark)

        •        To warn others of your predicament, to protect yourself and thus avoid making things worse.

        •        A sand flag and pole (or any tree branch) can be used for this purpose.

12) Fire Extinguisher

        •        Diesel is probably OK but gas can leak, and fire can remove "time" from your recovery options,

13) Wood Saw

        •        Some people carry an axe or even a small chain saw, but axes are heavy and dangerous in inexperienced hands, and not very efficient. A curved wood/pruning saw is very useful,

14) HF Radio

        •        This might seem a strange item in a list of recovery gear but communications can assist with information, advice or actual help, which might well be closer than you think.

        •        A Satphone might prove a useful alternative, a CB radio less so.

Maintenance Gear we carry:

This includes the essential tools and safety equipment (glasses, gloves) for use of the above recovery gear. We also carry the spare parts (usually only one of each type) and the tools necessary to repair or replace items which directly affect the three key areas of mobility, safety or reliability.

        1.        Mobility: wheels, wheel bearings (one of each type plus spindle lock washers), driveline (UJ and bolts, free wheeling hub components, gear linkage joint), suspension parts (U-bolt, suspension pins and bushes. We also have a spare half spring leaf to temporarily repair a broken spring eye), engine spares (fuel lift pump, belts) and cooling (hoses, thermostat and gasket, radiator repair gunk),

        2.        Safety: brakes (pads, calliper keys, key bolts and spring clips), steering (tie rod ends, LH and RH). We don't actually carry any tie rod ends yet but we probably should. A bush mechanic can probably fashion a temporary joint using wire or rope to a long bolt though the hole,

        3.        Reliability: electrical parts (starter and alternator brushes, lamps, fuses and wire), lubricants, filters, oil seals (rear hub mostly since they run in diff oil), belts, cable plus small u-bolt clamps (to repair clutch, throttle, park brake cables).

Tools used in the workshop to make repairs are pretty much the tools you'd need on the side of the road too, particularly any vehicle specific tools. Other travellers will usually have standard tool kits but few would have a 2 1/2 inch box spanner for hub spindle nuts, for example.

Emergency Repair Gear

(when all else fails, make use of these types of items):

        1.        Fencing wire, large plastic tie-wraps, rope,

        2.        Small u-bolts to clamp wire and cables, hose clips,

        3.        Tent pegs, aluminium, plastic and steel angle/sheet,

        4.        Old shocker bushes (steel and rubber)

        5.        Switches, electrical wire and terminals, small water pump (usable for diesel transfers),

        6.        Welding rod holder, rods, eye guard and leads (put 2, preferably 3, car batteries in series with jumper leads to make a rudimentary welder),

        7.        Gas blow torch,

        8.        Bits of metal or rubber found on the side of the road. (It's quite surprising what useful material can be found discarded, or more likely fallen off something, on the roadside).

Notes:

1) Higher Lift Jack

        •        For an Oka or other high clearance vehicle, a standard 48 inch high lift jack is inadequate as it can't lift wheels clear of the ground before running out of height (unless using a Hub Adaptor or Wheel Lift Strap). You'll need the 60 inch version to do any serious repairs to the springs or suspension pins. See here for a useful article.

        •        You can chain the axle to the chassis so as you lift the body, you also lift the axle/wheel at the same time. You get quicker wheel lift but at the expense of a much higher load on the jack. My preference is to lift the body a bit with the hi-lift jack, then lift the axle/wheel with a bottle/screw jack and then repeat the process until sufficient wheel height is gained. It’s easier and safer than relying on a single jack, especially if the vehicle is leaning with one wheel deep in a hole.

2) Exhaust Jack

        •        I wouldn't even consider an Exhaust Jack (the blow up balloon type jack). They may appear tempting, since they appear to be light and easy to use (but not cheap), but they are unstable, unsafe and require a flat surface on the bottom of the vehicle, which most don't have, especially an Oka. Plus they need smooth flat ground and isn't it always just like that when you need to jack up the vehicle?

        •        Air powered hydraulic jacks or those with a solid base and top (eg Selson airbag jacks, used to jack up trucks and busses) are probably OK.

A safe way to jack your vehicle?

3) Accessibility

        •        Ensure critical recovery gear is accessible from inside your vehicle as well as outside. In the event of a bogging or partial roll over, external access might be impossible, eg if a high lift jack or spade is carried under the rear or in a compartment blocked off or behind a stuck door. We've seen it done, we had to recover a ute that slid into a drain on the Bloomfield Track, his spade was trapped under the ute.

4) Does it work?

        •        It might seem blindingly obvious, but ensure that all your recovery gear actually works before leaving home. We've met people whose jacks aren't high enough (or low enough to get under a vehicle with a flat tyre), whose spare wheels don't fit, without adequate jacking or towing points, or who simply don't know how to use their (newly bought ARB/TJM) equipment.

5) Winching? We don't have a winch.

        •        They are heavy to carry around and on the few occasions we've been stuck there was no suitable anchor point available anyway. Winches also generally only pull in a horizontal plane, which is handy for pulling other people out, but often you'll need a vertical lift, hence our Hi Lift jack.

        •        If you do have a winch, you'll also need good batteries (unless it's a PTO model), a pulley block, tree trunk protector, a cable dampener and possibly a ground anchor and cable extender. These all take up more weight and space and have really only one function, which hopefully will seldom be used. See here for an interesting discussion on the pros and cons of fitting a winch.

6) Rules for avoiding trouble.

        •        Rule # 1, don't go anywhere or get into anything that you might not get out of.

        •        If Rule # 1 fails (which can and did happen to any of us), and you can't lift or dig yourself out safely (working in the hot sun, harassed by insect pests can be very uncomfortable),

        ⁃        first protect yourself from further risk using flags or similar,

        ⁃        take a break and wait, either

        ⁃        for inspiration (see Point 7 below), or

        ⁃        for help to arrive as it surely will, however embarrassing that might be and however long it takes.

        ⁃        Don't unnecessarily break your back, or worse. You're on vacation, there's no rush.

        ⁃        It may be a challenge but it's probably not a disaster.

7) Problem Solving

        •        Manuals (and/or files on your computer), and information on how to recover a vehicle, can provide a range of alternative ideas on solving a recovery problem. Don't forget the ideas of other members of your party or other well meaning travellers who will no doubt stop to assist but don't be pushed into something until you've considered all possibilities.

        •        In the 9 years we've been touring with our Oka (plus many years of 4WDriving before that), our learned response to a crisis is to do nothing, at least initially (unless there is an urgent medical/safety situation), until we have consider all the options (and yes, spouses are often a useful source of alternate ideas).

        •        In the meantime, we erect some warning devices (flags, milk crates, branches or similar placed 50m either side of the stranded vehicle) and get on the HF radio to get some advice or report the dilemma, it's free and anonymous.

        •        Rushing into something might make a bad situation worse, and the next morning things often don't seem quite so bad, tracks have dried out, or help has arrived or a brilliant solution has come to mind overnight. Even if they don't, you'll be rested (unless you're stuck at 45º) and better able to tackle the problem.

After a sudden downpour, too slippery to move...      ..... and the next morning, mostly dried up.

7) Membership of motoring organisations

        •        These might prove useful in urban environments or even on major highways, but on remote tracks it will prove ineffective. Even if you can contact them, it might take days to get a tow truck out your way (if at all) and towing is all they will do, they don't carry adequate spares to fix any vehicle and the extra costs might be prohibitive anyway.

        •        Last year we helped a stranded motorist near Eromanga on the Tibooburra track, a Commodore(!) with 2 shredded tyres, a soft spare and no compressor. We contacted the RACQ who eventually sent a tow truck 240 km from Thargominda but it took several days to arrange and even then they would only tow him back the way he came.

        •        In 2008, a Discovery was stuck on the CSR for 3 weeks with an engine management problem. Tow trucks sent from Halls Creek by the RAC WA tried, but couldn't reach them and eventually they were towed out very laboriously over hundreds of sand dunes by another very kind traveller who put his own vehicle at risk.

        •        Much better to be self-sufficient, and luckily you can be in an Oka.